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IP Routing

What is IP Routing?

IP routing is the field of routing methodologies of Internet Protocol (IP) packets within and across IP networks. This involves not only protocols and technologies but includes the policies of the worldwide organization and configuration of Internet infrastructure. In each IP network node, the following IP routing involves the determination of a suitable path for a network packets from a source to its destination in an IP network. Therefore the process uses static configuration rules or dynamically obtained status information to select specific packet forwarding methods to direct traffic to the next available intermediate network node one hop closer to the desired final destination, a total path potentially spanning multiple computer networks.

Networks are separated from each other by specialized hosts, called gateways or routers with specialized software support optimized for routing. In routers, the following packets arriving at an interface are examine for source and destination addressing and queue to the appropriate outgoing interface according to their destination address and a set of rules and performance metrics. Therefore the rules are encoded in a routing table that contains entries for all interfaces and their connected networks. However, if no rule satisfies the requirements for a network packet, it is forward to a default route. Routing tables are maintains either manually by a network administrator, or updated dynamically with a routing protocol. Routings rules may contain other parameters than source and destination, such as limitations on available bandwidth, expected packet loss rates, and specific technology requirements.

Routing Protocol

A routing protocol is a software mechanism by which routers communicate and share information about the topology of the network, and the capabilities of each routing node. It thus implements the network-global rules by which traffic is direct within a network and across multiple networks. However, different protocols are often uses for different topologies or different application areas. For example, the Open Shortest Path (OSPF) protocol is generally use for routing packets between subnetworks within an enterprise and the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is use on a global scale. Therefore BGP is the standard of worldwide Internet routing.

Types of IP Routing

The following types of IP routing are

  1. Static
  2. Default
  3. Dynamic

1. Static Routing

In static routing, administrator manually adds routes in each router’s routing table.

Command

Ip route < destination network > < mask > < next hop add or exit interface > < administrative distance > < permanent

Example: IP route 192.168.10.0    255.255.255.0   192.168.20.1

To show routing table

# show ip route

2. Default Routing

Default routing use in sub network where there is only one way.

Example: IP route 0.0.0.0   0.0.0.0   192.168.20.1

Administrative distances

Administrative distance is used to rate the trust worthiness of routing information received on a router from a neighbour router.

Default administrative distance

The following default administrative distance are

Connected interface                                      0

Static route                                                      1

EIGRP                                                                90

IGRP                                                                  100

OSPF                                                                  110

RIP                                                                     120

External EIGRP                                                170

Unknown                                                          255 (this route will never be used)

3. Dynamic Routing

Protocols are used to find networks and update routing tables on routers. Therefore the routing protocols used to determine the path. Example: RIP, IGRP, OSPF, etc, and routed protocols that carries the packets, Example: IP, IPX, and AppleTalk.

Learn about Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP)

  

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